Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the sensory profile characteristics of the children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and children with typical development (TD) within the ages of 3 and 12 years who attended the rehabilitation center in Barranquilla and Valledupar Colombia. Methods: A study of descriptive type correlation of the sensory profile was conducting using the Short Sensory Profile 2 by Winnie Dunn on boys and girls with an ASD diagnosis and children with a TD. Results: A total of 59 test subjects were included in the study comprised 39 children on the ASD (5 girls and 36 boys) and 28 children with a TD (11 girls and 17 boys). The medium age was 6.97 for the ASD group and 6.61 for the TD group. There are differences in each of the patterns of pre-processing and sensory systems analyzed in children on the ASD and TD (p < 0.05) except at the visual system processing level (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study indicates that there is a significant difference in between the ASD group and the TD group, these differences indicate that the population with ASD presents higher level in regard to sensory processing patterns in comparison to TD in accordance to each category in the Short Sensory Profile 2 by Winnie Dunn.

Introducción. Se han descrito ocho genotipos de Giardia duodenalis, del A al H. Los genotipos A y B se han aislado de humanos y de una gran variedad de mamíferos; sin embargo, los genotipos del C al H han mostrado mayor especificidad de huésped. Objetivo. Identificar los genotipos de G. duodenalis a partir de quistes obtenidos en heces de niños de las guarderías del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF) y de perros en Ibagué, mediante PCR-RFLP de los genes de la beta giardina y la glutamato deshidrogenasa. Materiales y métodos. Los quistes de las muestras positivas para G. duodenalis fueron sometidos a concentración; se extrajo su ADN y se efectuó el análisis de PCR-RFLP de los genes de la beta giardina y de la glutamato deshidrogenasa. Como control positivo se utilizó la cepa MHOM/CO/04/G40 procedente del Grupo de Parasitología del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Resultados. De las muestras tomadas de niños, 11/23 (48 %) correspondieron al genotipo A y, 12/23 (52 %), al genotipo B. Cuatro muestras de perros presentaron los genotipos C y D, específicos de este huésped. Conclusiones. En los niños solamente se encontraron los genotipos asociados a infecciones humanas (AII, BIII y BIV) y en los perros, los genotipos específicos para este huésped (C y D). Debido al reducido tamaño de las muestras analizadas provenientes de perros, y dado que estos no estuvieron en contacto con los niños de las guarderías del ICBF, no fue posible determinar una interacción entre el ciclo de transmisión de los humanos y el de los animales.

Introduction: Eight Giardia duodenalis genotypes (A-H) have been described to date. Genotypes A and B have been isolated from humans and a wide range of mammals; however, genotypes C-H have shown greater host specificity. Objective: Identifying G. duodenalis genotypes from cysts in faeces obtained from children attending the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF) day care centres and from dogs in Ibagué by PCR-RFLP targeting both the b -giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase genes. Materials and methods: Cysts from G. duodenalis positive samples were concentrated, DNA was extracted and the b -giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase genes were analysed by PCR-RFLP. The MHOM/CO/04/G40 strain was used as positive control (this was obtained from the Grupo de Parasitología at the Instituto Nacional de Salud ). Results: Of the total human samples, 11/23 (48%) were genotyped as A and 12/23 (52%) as B; PCR-RFLP revealed that four canine samples were genotypes C and D, these being host-specific. Conclusions: Only genotypes associated with human infection (AII, BIII and BIV) were found in the children and host-specific genotypes were observed in canines (C and D). No interaction could be established between animal and human transmission cycles due to the small canine sample size and as the former did not come into contact with children attending ICBF day-care centres.

We describe the evolution and features of a cluster of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) cases that occurred in 2001, in a school located in a sub-urban area of the district of Ica, Peru. We identified 15 students related before becoming infected with tuberculosis. The mean age of the cluster was 15 years. A total of 12 students were MDR-TB cases and 7 were drug-resistant to 5 first-line drugs (RHEZS). Five out of the 15 cases received at least 3 different anti-tuberculosis treatment schemes. The average treatment duration was 37 months (minimum 21 and maximum 59 months). A total of 13 cases recovered and 2 died. This study describes a cluster of MDR -TB cases in an educational facility, which due to the epidemiological link and time presentation, is probably an outbreak of MDR TB with a satisfactory outcome after prolonged treatment.

Se describe la evolución y las características de los casos de un conglomerado de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (MDR) ocurrido el año 2001, en un centro educativo localizado en una zona urbano marginal del distrito de Ica, Perú. Se identificó 15 escolares que estuvieron relacionados entre ellos antes de enfermar de tuberculosis. El promedio de edad fue 15 años. Doce casos fueron MDR y siete fueron resistentes a las cinco drogas de primera línea (RHEZS), cinco de los casos recibieron tres diferentes esquemas de tratamiento antituberculoso; el tiempo promedio de tratamiento antituberculoso fue de 37 meses (mínimo 21 y máximo 59 meses). Trece casos curaron y dos fallecieron. El presente estudio documenta un conglomerado de casos de TB-MDR en un centro educativo que, por los vínculos epidemiológicos y la simultaneidad en que aparecieron, podría tratarse de un probable brote de TB-MDR, con un desenlace satisfactorio luego de un tratamiento prolongado.

We describe the evolution and features of a cluster of Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) cases that occurred in 2001, in a school located in a sub-urban area of the district of Ica, Peru. We identified 15 students related before becoming infected with tuberculosis. The mean age of the cluster was 15 years. A total of 12 students were MDR-TB cases and 7 were drug-resistant to 5 first-line drugs (RHEZS). Five out of the 15 cases received at least 3 different anti-tuberculosis treatment schemes. The average treatment duration was 37 months (minimum 21 and maximum 59 months). A total of 13 cases recovered and 2 died. This study describes a cluster of MDR -TB cases in an educational facility, which due to the epidemiological link and time presentation, is probably an outbreak of MDR TB with a satisfactory outcome after prolonged treatment.

Se describe la evolución y las características de los casos de un conglomerado de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (MDR) ocurrido el año 2001, en un centro educativo localizado en una zona urbano marginal del distrito de Ica, Perú. Se identificó 15 escolares que estuvieron relacionados entre ellos antes de enfermar de tuberculosis. El promedio de edad fue 15 años. Doce casos fueron MDR y siete fueron resistentes a las cinco drogas de primera línea (RHEZS), cinco de los casos recibieron tres diferentes esquemas de tratamiento antituberculoso; el tiempo promedio de tratamiento antituberculoso fue de 37 meses (mínimo 21 y máximo 59 meses). Trece casos curaron y dos fallecieron. El presente estudio documenta un conglomerado de casos de TB-MDR en un centro educativo que, por los vínculos epidemiológicos y la simultaneidad en que aparecieron, podría tratarse de un probable brote de TB-MDR, con un desenlace satisfactorio luego de un tratamiento prolongado.

Uma coorte de 6.011 crianças vem sendo acompanhada desde o nascimento em Pelotas, RS. A última avaliação foi realizada quando as crianças tinham 20 meses, em média. Este acompanhamento foi feito através de um censo da cidade, quando todas as 68.600 residências foram visitadas, tendo sido localizadas 87,3% das crianças da coorte. Concomitantemente, todos os óbitos foram monitorizados através de visitas domiciliares, revisão periódica de atestados de óbito na Secretaria da Saúde e revisão de prontuários hospitalares. Com o uso dessa metodologia, foi possível detectar 42,1% de sub-registros de mortes perinatais, com 47,8% para óbitos fetais. Com relação à mortalidade infantil, a proporção de sub-registros foi de 24%.

A cohort of 6,011 children is being followed up from birth in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. More than 87% of these children were seen when aged 12-27months (mean = 20 months), when all 68,600 urban households were visited. Deaths were monitored through home visits, the review of hospital casenotes and of death certificates at the Secretariat of Health, and these findings were compared with official statistics. Approximately 42% of perinatal deaths failed to be registered, the corresponding figures being 48% for fetal and 24% for infant deaths. On the other hand, less than 5% of all births failed to be registered. The implications of these findings for health policy-makers are discussed.

Uma coorte de 6.011 crianças vem sendo acompanhada desde o nascimento em Pelotas, RS. A última avaliação foi realizada quando as crianças tinham 20 meses, em média. Este acompanhamento foi feito através de um censo da cidade, quando todas as 68.600 residências foram visitadas, tendo sido localizadas 87,3% das crianças da coorte. Concomitantemente, todos os óbitos foram monitorizados através de visitas domiciliares, revisão periódica de atestados de óbito na Secretaria da Saúde e revisão de prontuários hospitalares. Com o uso dessa metodologia, foi possível detectar 42,1% de sub-registros de mortes perinatais, com 47,8% para óbitos fetais. Com relação à mortalidade infantil, a proporção de sub-registros foi de 24%.

A cohort of 6,011 children is being followed up from birth in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. More than 87% of these children were seen when aged 12-27months (mean = 20 months), when all 68,600 urban households were visited. Deaths were monitored through home visits, the review of hospital casenotes and of death certificates at the Secretariat of Health, and these findings were compared with official statistics. Approximately 42% of perinatal deaths failed to be registered, the corresponding figures being 48% for fetal and 24% for infant deaths. On the other hand, less than 5% of all births failed to be registered. The implications of these findings for health policy-makers are discussed.